Journal Articles

Imaging Spectroscopy Algorithms  

a.k.a 

Hyperspectral Image Analysis


Y. Zhou, A. Rangarajan, and P. D. Gader, “A spatial compositional model for linear unmixing and endmember uncertainty estimation”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (accepted for publication).

L. Kalantari, P. D. Gader, S. Graves, S. Bohlman, "One-Class Gaussian Process for Possibilistic Classification Using Imaging Spectroscopy", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 13.7 (2016): 967-971.

R. Heylen, A. Zare, P. D. Gader and P. Scheunders, "Hyperspectral Unmixing With Endmember Variability via Alternating Angle Minimization," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 4983-4993, Aug. 2016.

Nia, M. S., Wang, D. Z., Bohlman, S. A., Gader, P., Graves, S. J., & Petrovic, M. (2015), “Impact of atmospheric correction and image filtering on hyperspectral classification of tree species using support vector machine”.Journal of Applied Remote Sensing9(1), Nov. 2015.

R. Heylen, P. Scheunders, P. D. Gader, and A. Rangarajan, “Nonlinear unmixing by using different metrics in a linear unmixing chain”, IEEE-JSTARS, Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol.8, no.6, pp.2655-2664, June 2015.

Rob Heylen and P. D. Gader, “Nonlinear Spectral Unmixing With a Linear Mixture of Intimate Mixtures Model,”, IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 7, no. 11, pp:1195-1199,  July 2014.

A. Zare, J. Bolton, J. Chanussot, P.D. Gader, “Foreword to the Special Issue on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1841-1843, June 2014.

R. Heylen, M. Parente, P.D. Gader, “A Review of Nonlinear Hyperspectral Unmixing Methods,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol.7, no. 6, Article #2320576, June 2014.

Xiaoxiao Du, A. Zare, P.D. Gader, D. Dranishnikov, “Spatial and Spectral Unmixing Using the Beta Compositional Model,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 7, no. 6, June 2014.

R. Close; P. D.  Gader; J. Wilson, “Hyperspectral unmixing using macroscopic and microscopic mixture models”, J. Appl. Remote Sens. 8 (1), 083642, April 2014.

Wing-Kin Ma, J.M. Bioucas-Dias, J. Chanussot, P.D. Gader, “Signal and Image Processing in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing  [From the Guest Editors],” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.31, no. 1, pp. 22-23, Jan. 2014.

Ma, W.-K.; Bioucas-Dias, J.M.; Tsung-Han Chan; Gillis, N.; P. D. Gader, P.; Plaza, A.J.; Ambikapathi, A.; Chong-Yung Chi, "A Signal Processing Perspective on Hyperspectral Unmixing: Insights from Remote Sensing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.31, no.1, pp.67,81, Jan. 2014.

Yang, Ce, Won Suk Lee, and P. D. Gader. "Hyperspectral band selection for detecting different blueberry fruit maturity stages." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 109 (2014): 23-31.

Alina Zare, P. D. Gader,  O. Bchir, and H., “Piece-wise Convex Multiple Model Endmember Detection and Spectral Unmixing”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.. 51, no. 5, pp. 2853 - 2862, July, 2013.

Alina Zare, P. D. Gader,  G. Casella, “Sampling Piece-wise Convex Unmixing and Endmember Extraction”,  IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.51, no. 3, 2013 , pp. 1655-1665, March, 2013.

Alina Zare, P. D. Gader, and K. S. Gurumoorthy, “Directly Measuring Material Proportions Using Hyperspectral Compressive Sensing”,  Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.9, no.3, pp.323-327, May 2012

J. Bioucas-Dias, A. Plaza, N. Dobigeon, M. Parente, Q. Due, P. D. Gader, J. Chanussot, “Hyperspectral Unmixing Overview: Geometrical, Statistical, and Sparse Regression-Based Approaches”,  IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp: 354 – 379, April, 2012.   doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2194696

J. Bolton and P. D. Gader,  “Application of Multiple Instance Learning for Hyperspectral Image Analysis”, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 8, No. 5, Sept. 2011, pp. 889-893.

Alina Zare and P. D. Gader, “PCE: Piece-wise Convex Endmember Detection” IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 2620-2632.

J. Bolton, P. D. Gader, “Random Set Framework for Context-Based Classification with Hyperspectral Imagery”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 47, No. 11,  Nov. 2009, Page(s): 3810-3821.

Alina Zare and P. D. Gader, “Hyperspectral Band Selection and Endmember Detection Using Sparsity Promoting Priors”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2008, pp. 256-261.

Alina Zare, J. Bolton, P. D. Gader, M. Schatten, “Vegetation Mapping for Landmine Detection Using Long-Wave Hyperspectral Imagery”,  IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 46,  Issue 1,  Jan. 2008, pp.:172 – 178.

Alina Zare and P. D. Gader, “Sparsity Promoting Iterated Endmember Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol.4, No. 3, pp. 446-451, July 2007.

Handwriting Recognition


Jinhui Liu and P. D. Gader, “Neural Networks with Enhanced Outlier Rejection Ability for Off-Line Handwritten Word Recognition”, Pattern Recognition Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 2061-2071, October, 2002.

B. Verma, P. D. Gader and W. Chen, “Fusion of Multiple Handwritten Word Recognition Techniques”,  Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 991-998, July 2001.


M. Mohamed and P. D. Gader, “Generalized Hidden Markov Models Part II: Applications to Handwritten Word Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 82-95, February 2000.


W. Chen, P. D. Gader, H. Shi, “Lexicon Driven Handwritten Word Recognition Using Optimal Linear Combinations of Order Statistics,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp.77-83, Jan. 1999.


J. Chiang and P. D. Gader, “Hybrid Fuzzy-Neural Systems in Handwritten Word Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 497-510, Nov. 1997.



P. D. Gader, J. M. Keller, R. Krishnapuram, J.H. Chiang, and M. Mohamed, “Neural and Fuzzy Methods in Handwriting Recognition,”IEEE Computer, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 79-86, Feb. 1997.

P. D. Gader, Magdi Mohamed, and Jung-Hsien Chiang, “Handwritten Word Recognition with Character and Inter-Character Neural Networks,”  IEEE Trans. Sys. Man Cybernetics, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 158-165, Feb. 1997.

Jung-Hsien Chiang and  P. D. Gader, Recognition of Handprinted Numerals in VISA® Card Application Forms,” Machine Vision and Applications, Vol. 10,  No. 3,  pp. 144-149, Sept. 1997.

P. D. Gader, and M.A. Khabou, “Automated Feature Generation for Handwritten Digit Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 1256-1262, Dec. 1996.

P. D. Gader, M. Mohamed, and J. Keller, “Fusion of Handwritten Word Classifiers,” Pattern Recognition Letters, Special Issue on Fuzzy Pattern Recognition, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 577-584, May 1996.

M. Mohamed and P. D. Gader, “Handwritten Word Recognition Using Segmentation-Free Hidden Markov Modeling and Segmentation-Based Dynamic Programming Techniques,”  IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 548-554, May 1996.

P. D. Gader, M. Mohamed, and J. M. Keller, “Dynamic Programming Based Handwritten Word Recognition using the Choquet Fuzzy Integral as the Match Function,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, Special Issue on Digital Document Imaging, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-25, Jan 1996.

P. D. Gader, J. Miramonti, Y. Won, and P. Coffield, “Segmentation Free Shared Weight Networks for Automatic Vehicle Detection,” Neural Networks, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 1457-1475, 1995.

P. D. Gader, M. Mohamed, and J. Chiang, “Comparison of Crisp and Fuzzy Character Neural Networks in Handwritten Word Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 357-364, August 1995.

P. D. Gader, J. M. Keller, and J. Cai, “A Fuzzy Logic System for Detection and Recognition of Street Number Fields on Handwritten Postal Addresses,” IEEE Trans Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 83-95, Feb 1995.

P. D. Gader, M. P. Whalen, M. J. Ganzberger, and Dan Hepp, “Handprinted Word Recognition on a NIST Data Set,” Machine Vision and Its Applications, Vol. 8, pp. 31-40, Jan. 1995.



P. D. Gader, B. Forester, M. Ganzberger, A. Gillies, B. Mitchell, M. Whalen, and T. Yocum, “Recognition of Handwritten Digits Using Template and Model Matching,” Journal of Pattern Recognition, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 421-431, 1991. 

Landmine Detection


S. Yuksel, J. Bolton, P. D. Gader, “Multiple Instance Hidden Markov Models with Applications to Landmine Detection”, IEEE Transactions Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 53, no. 12, Dec. 2015

Xuping Zhang, J.Bolton, P. D. Gader, "A New Learning Method for Continuous Hidden Markov Models for Subsurface Landmine Detection in Ground Penetrating Radar,"  IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol.7, no.3, pp.813:819, March 2014.

H. Frigui, L. Zhang, P. D. Gader, Joseph N. Wilson, K C Ho, and Andres Mendez-Vazquez  “An Evaluation of Several Fusion Algorithms for Anti-tank Landmine Detection and Discrimination”, Information Fusion Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 161–174.


O. Missaoui, H. Frigui, and P. D. Gader, “Landmine Detection with Ground Penetrating Radar using Multi-Stream Discrete Hidden Markov Models”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 49, Issue 6, June 2011, pp. 2080-2099.

H. Frigui, L. Zhang, P. D. Gader, “Context Dependent Multi-Sensor Fusion and its Application to Land Mine Detection”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 2528 – 2543.

G. Ramachandran, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, “GRANMA: Gradient Angle Model Algorithm on Wideband EMI data for Landmine Detection”, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2010, pp. 535-539.

H. Frigui and P. D. Gader, “Detection and discrimination of land mines in ground-penetrating radar based on edge histogram descriptors and a Possibilistic K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier”, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Volume 17, Issue 9, March 2009, Page(s) 185-199.

R. Mazhar, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, “Matching Pursuits Dissimilarity Measure for Shape-Based Comparison and Classification of High-dimensional Data”, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 17, No. 5, Oct. 2009, Page(s): 1175-1189.

K. C. Ho, L. Carin, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, “An Investigation of Using the Spectral Characteristics from Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine/Clutter Discrimination”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 46, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 1177-1192.

Andres Mendez-Vazquez, P. D. Gader, J. M. Keller, K. Chamberlin, “Minimum Classification Error Training for Choquet Integrals with Applications to Landmine Detection”, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 1, Feb. 2008, pp. 225-239.


J. N. Wilson, P. D. Gader, W.-H. Lee, H. Frigui, and K. C. Ho, “A Large-Scale Systematic Evaluation of Algorithms Using Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine Detection and Discrimination”,  IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 2560-2573, August 2007.

R. Joe Stanley, K.C. Ho, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, James Devaney, “Land Mine and Clutter Object Discrimination Using Wavelet and Time Domain Spatially Distributed Features from Metal Detector and Their Fusion with  GPR Features  for Hand-Held Units”, Circuits Systems and Signal Processing, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 165-191, April 2007.

T. Wang, J. Keller, P. D. Gader, and O. Sjahputera, “Frequency Subband Processing and Feature Analysis of Forward-Looking Ground Penetrating Radar Signals for Land Mine Detection”, IEEE Trans Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 45,  Issue 3,  pp. 718-729, March 2007.


W-H. Lee, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, “Optimizing the Area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve with Application to Landmine Detection”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing , vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 389-398, Feb. 2007.

H. Frigui, K.C. Ho and P. D.  Gader , "Real-time Land Mine Detection with Ground Penetrating Radar using Discriminative and Adaptive Hidden Markov Models"  EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, Vol. 2005, No. 12, pp. 1867-1885, July 2005.

P. D. Gader, W-H Lee, J. N. Wilson, “Detecting Landmines with Ground Penetrating Radar using Feature-Based Rules Order Statistics, and Adaptive Whitening”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 2522-2534, Nov. 2004.

T. Wang, J. M. Keller, P. D. Gader, A. K. Hocaoglu, “Phase Signatures in Acoustic-Seismic Landmine Detection”,  Radio Science, vol. 39, pp. RS4S02/1-13, July 2004.

K. C. Ho, L. M. Collins, L. G. Huettel, P. D. Gader, Discrimination Mode Processing for EMI and GPR sensors for Hand-Held Land Mine Detection, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 249-263, Jan. 2004.



Y. Zhao, P. D. Gader, P. Chen, Y. Zhang, “Training DHMMs of mine and clutter to minimize landmine detection errors”, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1016-1024, May 2003.

R. J. Stanley, P. D. Gader, D. Ho,  “Feature and decision level sensor fusion of electromagnetic induction and ground penetrating radar sensors for landmine detection with hand-held units”, Information Fusion 3(3):215-223, September 2002.

K. C. Ho and P. D. Gader, “A Linear Prediction Land Mine Detection Algorithm for Hand Held Ground Penetrating Radar”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1374-1385, June, 2002.

 Ali K. Hocaoglu, P. D. Gader, J. M. Keller, and B. N. Nelson, “Anti-Personnel Land Mine Detection and Discrimination using Acoustic Data”, Journal of Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 75-93, April, 2002.

P. D. Gader, M. Mystkowski, Y. Zhao “Landmine Detection with Ground Penetrating Radar using Hidden Markov Models,” IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1231-1244, June 2001.

P. D. Gader, James. M. Keller, Bruce N. Nelson, “Recognition Technology for the Detection of Buried Land Mines,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 31-43, February 2001.

P. D. Gader, B. Nelson, H. Frigui, G. Vaillette, J. Keller, “Fuzzy Logic Detection of Landmines with Ground Penetrating Radar,” Signal Processing, Special Issue on Fuzzy Logic in Signal Processing (Invited Paper), Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 1069-1084, June 2000.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

T. Glenn, A. Zare, P. D. Gader, "Bayesian Fuzzy Clustering," IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems , vol. 23, no. 5, Oct. 2015.


Achmed Abdallah, H. Frigui, P. D. Gader, “Adaptive Local Fusion with Fuzzy Integrals”, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems,vol. 20, no. 5,pp. 849-864,  Oct. 2012.

S. Yuksel, J. Wilson, and P. D. Gader, "Twenty Years of Mixture of Experts”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems,  vol. 23, no. 8, p.1177-1193, May, 2012.

J. Bolton, P. D. Gader, Hichem  Frigui, Pete Torrione, “Random Set Framework for Multiple Instance Learning”,  Journal of Information Sciences, Volume 181, Issue 11, 1 June 2011, Pages 2061-2070.

G. Heo, P. D. Gader, “Robust Kernel Discriminant Analysis using Fuzzy Memberships”, Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 716-723.

J. McElroy and P. D. Gader, “Generalized Encoding and Decoding Operators for Lattice Based Associative Memories" IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 20, No. 10, October 2009, Page(s): 1674-1679.

G. Heo, P. D. Gader, and H. Frigui, “RKF-PCA: Robust kernel fuzzy PCA”, Neural Networks, Vol. 22, No. 5-6, July 2009, Page(s): 642-650.

J. Bolton, P. D. Gader, J. N. Wilson, “Discrete Choquet Integral as a Distance Metric”, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems Volume 16,  Issue 4,  Aug. 2008 Page(s):1107 - 1110.

Image and Signal Analysis

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Linear Algebra Algorithms

G. Ammar and P. D. Gader, “A Variant of the Gohberg-Semencul Formula Involving Circulant Matrices,” SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 534-540, July 1991.

P. D. Gader, “Displacement Operator Based Decompositions of Matrices Using Circulants or Other Group Matrices,” Journal of Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Vol. 139, October 1990.

P. D. Gader, “Bidiagonal Factorizations of Fourier Matrices and Systolic Algorithms for Computing Discrete Fourier Transforms,” IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 37, No. 8, August 1989.

P. D. Gader, “Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Existence of Local Matrix Decompositions,” SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 305-313, July 1989.


P. D. Gader, “Tridiagonal Factorizations of Fourier Matrices and Applications to Parallel Computations of Discrete Fourier Transforms,” Journal of Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 102, pp. 1280-1283, April 1988.